The federal Clean Air Act requires the states and the federal government to establish and meet targets for visibility in protected national parks and wildlife areas through regulations that control air pollutants in ambient air. 42 U.S.C. §§ 7410, 7491, 7492(e)(2). The federal government has the primary responsibility for identifying air pollutants and setting standards. The states, however, bear the primary responsibility for implementing those EPA standards by promulgating state implementation plans (“SIPs”). In accordance with the Act, the EPA issued a Regional Haze Rule in 1999 requiring states (1) to develop implementation plans by the end of 2007 for the 2009–2018 period and (2) to submit revised plans every ten years thereafter. 40 C.F.R. § 51.308(b), (f).

In January 2009, EPA found that Texas and Oklahoma (and several other states) had missed the 2007 deadline. Texas and Oklahoma subsequently submitted plans which were partially disapproved by EPA. In 2014, EPA proposed substitute federal plans and later issued its Final Rule in 2016. 81 Fed. Reg. 296 (Jan. 5, 2016). Claiming that the EPA was improperly targeting coal-fired power plants, the State of Texas, power plants, numerous energy companies, state regulators, and others filed a petition to review the Final Rule in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit (“5th Circuit”). State of Texas v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Case No. 16-60118. On July 15, 2016, the 5th Circuit issued an order denying EPA’s motion to dismiss or transfer of venue of the petition, finding that:

• The 5th Circuit, which encompasses Texas, has jurisdiction to review the Final Rule pursuant to the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7607(b)(1);
• Venue in the 5th Circuit is proper because the petitioners’ challenge addresses locally or regionally applicable action under the Act; and,
• Because staying implementation of the Final Rule was warranted, the 5th Circuit granted petitioners’ motion for a stay pending resolution of the petitions for review on the   merits.

Because the EPA’s actions involve 37 other states in other federal circuits, this matter may see inconsistent analyses by the several federal circuit courts and require final resolution by the U.S. Supreme Court.